| Drug Name | IUPAC Name | Classification (KD Tripathi) | Drug Application | Receptors | Dosage Form | Route of Administration | Adverse Reactions | Appearance | Solubility | pKa Value | Functional Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alendronate | (4-amino-1-hydroxybutylidene)bisphosphonic acid | Bisphosphonate Subclass: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate |
Osteoporosis treatment and prevention | Binds to bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) | Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg, 35 mg, 70 mg) Oral solution (70 mg/75 mL) |
Oral | Esophageal irritation, osteonecrosis of the jaw | White crystalline powder | Slightly soluble in water, practically insoluble in organic solvents | pKa1 = 2.22, pKa2 = 8.73 | Phosphonate, amine |
| Teriparatide | Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) | Parathyroid hormone analog Subclass: Anabolic agent |
Osteoporosis treatment | Parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) | Solution for injection (250 µg/mL, 2.4 mL pen) | Subcutaneous injection | Nausea, leg cramps, dizziness | Clear, colorless liquid | Soluble in water | N/A (peptide) | Peptide bonds, amino acids |
| Denosumab | Monoclonal antibody against RANKL | Monoclonal antibody Subclass: RANKL inhibitor |
Osteoporosis treatment, prevention of skeletal-related events in bone metastases | RANK ligand (RANKL) | Solution for injection (60 mg/mL, 120 mg/1.7 mL) | Subcutaneous injection | Hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw | Clear, colorless to slightly yellow solution | N/A (protein) | N/A (protein) | Peptide bonds, disulfide bonds |
| Calcitonin | 32-amino-acid polypeptide hormone | Peptide hormone Subclass: Calcium-regulating hormone |
Paget's disease, hypercalcemia, osteoporosis | Calcitonin receptor | Nasal spray (200 IU/actuation) Solution for injection (200 IU/mL) |
Intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular | Rhinitis, epistaxis, nausea | White to off-white powder (lyophilized) | Soluble in water | N/A (peptide) | Peptide bonds, disulfide bond |
| Strontium ranelate | Distrontium 5-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]-4-cyano-3-(methoxycarbo nyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate | Dual action bone agent Subclass: Strontium salt |
Osteoporosis treatment | Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) | Granules for oral suspension (2 g sachets) | Oral | Nausea, diarrhea, venous thromboembolism | Pale yellow granules | Sparingly soluble in water | pKa1 = 2.6, pKa2 = 3.3 | Carboxylate, nitrile, ether |
| Risedronate | 3-pyridinylcarbonyl)-1-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethylidene diphosphonic acid | Bisphosphonate Subclass: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate |
Osteoporosis treatment | Binds to bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) | Tablet (5 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 150 mg) | Oral | Gastrointestinal issues, headache | White crystalline powder | Slightly soluble in water | pKa1 = 2.3, pKa2 = 8.8 | Phosphonate, amine |
| Zoledronic Acid | (3-hydroxy-2-(imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-3-yl)propyl)phosphonic acid | Bisphosphonate Subclass: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate |
Osteoporosis treatment, bone metastasis | Binds to bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) | Solution for injection (4 mg/5 mL) | Intravenous | Flu-like symptoms, renal impairment | White powder | Very slightly soluble in water | pKa1 = 2.0, pKa2 = 8.2 | Phosphonate |
| Raloxifene | (±)-6-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-3H-1-benzopyran-4-one | Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Subclass: Estrogen agonist/antagonist |
Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis | Estrogen receptors | Tablet (60 mg) | Oral | Hot flashes, leg cramps | White to off-white powder | Soluble in organic solvents, insoluble in water | pKa = 9.5 | Phenol, ketone |
| Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) | 9,10-secocholesterol | Vitamin Subclass: Fat-soluble vitamin |
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism | Vitamin D receptors (VDR) | Capsule (400 IU, 1000 IU) | Oral | Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia | White crystalline powder | Slightly soluble in water, soluble in fats | pKa = 5.3 | Alcohol, steroid |
| Calcium Carbonate | CaCO3 | Mineral supplement Subclass: Calcium supplement |
Prevention and treatment of calcium deficiency | Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) | Tablet (500 mg, 600 mg) | Oral | Constipation, flatulence | White crystalline powder | Insoluble in water | pKa1 = 9.5 | Carbonate |
| Calcium Citrate | Calcium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate | Mineral supplement Subclass: Calcium supplement |
Prevention and treatment of calcium deficiency | Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) | Tablet (200 mg, 250 mg) | Oral | Gastrointestinal upset | White crystalline powder | Soluble in water | pKa1 = 3.1 | Carboxylic acid |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | Fatty acids Subclass: Nutritional supplement |
Support bone health, anti-inflammatory | Unknown | Softgel capsule (1000 mg) | Oral | Fishy aftertaste, gastrointestinal upset | Clear to pale yellow liquid | Insoluble in water | N/A | Fatty acid |
| Bisphosphonate (Ibandronate) | (3-(pyridin-1-yloxy)propyl)bisphosphonic acid | Bisphosphonate Subclass: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate |
Osteoporosis treatment | Binds to bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) | Tablet (150 mg) Injection (3 mg/3 mL) |
Oral, intravenous | Esophageal irritation, abdominal pain | White crystalline powder | Slightly soluble in water | pKa1 = 2.5, pKa2 = 8.5 | Phosphonate, amine |
| Bisphosphonate (Pamidronate) | 3-amino-1-hydroxypropylidene-1,1-bisphosphonic acid | Bisphosphonate Subclass: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate |
Osteoporosis treatment, Paget's disease | Binds to bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) | Solution for injection (30 mg/5 mL) | Intravenous | Flu-like symptoms, renal toxicity | White to off-white powder | Very slightly soluble in water | pKa1 = 2.1, pKa2 = 8.9 | Phosphonate, amine |
| Sevelamer | Polymer of (N,N-dimethyl-2-acrylamide) and (acrylic acid) | Phosphate binder Subclass: Polymer |
Control of hyperphosphatemia | Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) | Tablet (800 mg) | Oral | Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | White to off-white powder | Insoluble in water | N/A | Polymer |
| Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone) | Various isomers of 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone | Vitamin Subclass: Fat-soluble vitamin |
Bone health, blood clotting | Vitamin K receptors | Capsule (100 mcg) | Oral | Allergic reactions (rare) | Yellow to brown oil | Insoluble in water, soluble in fats | N/A | Quinone |
| Teriparatide (rDNA origin) | Recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-34) | Parathyroid hormone analog Subclass: Anabolic agent |
Osteoporosis treatment | Parathyroid hormone receptor (PTHR) | Solution for injection (600 µg/mL, 2.4 mL pen) | Subcutaneous injection | Nausea, headache, dizziness | Clear, colorless liquid | Soluble in water | N/A (peptide) | Peptide bonds, amino acids |
| Parathyroid Hormone | Recombinant human parathyroid hormone | Peptide hormone Subclass: Calcium-regulating hormone |
Bone density increase, osteoporosis | Parathyroid hormone receptor | Injection (20 µg/mL) | Subcutaneous injection | Injection site reactions, headache | White powder (lyophilized) | Soluble in water | N/A (peptide) | Peptide bonds |
| Biphosphonate (Tiludronate) | 1-hydroxy-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid | Bisphosphonate Subclass: Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate |
Paget's disease | Binds to bone mineral (hydroxyapatite) | Tablet (200 mg) | Oral | Gastrointestinal discomfort, headache | White crystalline powder | Slightly soluble in water | pKa1 = 2.1, pKa2 = 8.5 | Phosphonate |