Respiratory System Drugs
Drug Name IUPAC Name Classification (KD Tripathi) Drug Application Receptors Dosage Form Route of Administration Adverse Reactions Appearance Solubility pKa Value Functional Groups
Albuterol 1-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-3-(2-ethylphenyl)benzyl alcohol Bronchodilator
Subclass: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist		 Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Beta-2 adrenergic receptors Inhaler (90 mcg per spray)
Tablet (2 mg, 4 mg)
Oral solution (2 mg/5 mL)		 Oral, Inhalation Tremor, tachycardia, headache White powder (inhaler) or liquid (oral) Freely soluble in water pKa = 9.5 Phenol, alcohol, amine
Beclometasone 9-chloro-11beta,17-dihydroxy-16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione Corticosteroid
Subclass: Inhaled corticosteroid		 Asthma, allergic rhinitis Glucocorticoid receptors Inhaler (50 mcg, 100 mcg, 200 mcg)
Nasalspray (50 mcg per spray)		 Inhalation, Nasal Oral candidiasis, hoarseness, cough White to off-white powder Practically insoluble in water pKa = 10.0 Chlorinated steroid
Ipratropium (+)-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl]-(1S)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylate Anticholinergic
Subclass: Muscarinic antagonist		 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma Muscarinic receptors Inhaler (17 mcg per spray)
Oral solution (0.02% solution)		 Inhalation, Oral Dry mouth, cough, throat irritation White powder or solution Freely soluble in water pKa = 9.0 Azabicyclo, carboxylate
Salmeterol (R)-1-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]-3-(4-phenylbutyl)benzyl alcohol Long-acting beta-2 agonist
Subclass: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist		 Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Beta-2 adrenergic receptors Inhaler (50 mcg per dose) Inhalation Tremor, headache, palpitations White powder (inhaler) Slightly soluble in water pKa = 9.5 Phenol, alcohol, amine
Montelukast 2-[1-[[(2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]thio]phenyl]thio]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Subclass: Antileukotriene		 Asthma, allergic rhinitis Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors Tablet (10 mg)
Chewable tablet (4 mg, 5 mg)		 Oral Headache, abdominal pain, cough White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 5.9 Carboxylate, quinoline
Formoterol 1-(4-(2-hydroxy-2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)phenyl)-2-(2-hydroxypropyl)amino)ethanol Long-acting beta-2 agonist
Subclass: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist		 Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Beta-2 adrenergic receptors Inhaler (12 mcg per dose) Inhalation Tremor, palpitations, headache White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 9.5 Alcohol, amine
Levosalbutamol (2S)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)butan-2-yl)phenol Bronchodilator
Subclass: Beta-2 adrenergic agonist		 Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Beta-2 adrenergic receptors Inhaler (100 mcg per spray)
Tablet (1.25 mg)		 Oral, Inhalation Headache, tremor, nausea White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 9.8 Alcohol, phenol
Glycopyrrolate (+)-[(1S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenyl-ethyl]-(1S)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1-carboxylic acid Anticholinergic
Subclass: Muscarinic antagonist		 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Muscarinic receptors Inhalation aerosol (25 mcg per dose) Inhalation Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention White powder Soluble in water pKa = 7.6 Carboxylic acid, ester
Tiotropium (2S,4S)-4-{[(1S)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]carbonyl}-2-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-pyrrolidine Anticholinergic
Subclass: Muscarinic antagonist		 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Muscarinic receptors Inhaler (18 mcg per dose) Inhalation Dry mouth, constipation, headache White powder Practically insoluble in water pKa = 8.0 Pyrrolidine, amine
Hydrocodone 4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one Opioid
Subclass: Antitussive		 Cough suppression Opioid receptors Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg)
Liquid (7.5 mg/5 mL)		 Oral Drowsiness, constipation, nausea White powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 8.0 Phenol, ether
Codeine (5α)-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one Opioid
Subclass: Antitussive		 Cough suppression Opioid receptors Tablet (15 mg, 30 mg)
Liquid (10 mg/5 mL)		 Oral Drowsiness, constipation, nausea White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 8.0 Phenol, ether
Phenylephrine (1R)-1-(3-hydroxyphenyl)ethan-1-ol Sympathomimetic
Subclass: Alpha-1 adrenergic agonist		 Nasal congestion Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors Nasal spray (0.5% solution) Nasal Rebound congestion, headache, hypertension White crystalline powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 9.0 Alcohol, phenol
Oxymetazoline (±)-2-[2-(4-tert-butyl-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-yl]ethanol Sympathomimetic
Subclass: Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic agonist		 Nasal congestion Alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors Nasal spray (0.05% solution) Nasal Rebound congestion, nasal irritation, headache White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 9.0 Alcohol, ether
Diphenhydramine (2S)-2-(diphenylmethoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine Antihistamine
Subclass: H1 antagonist		 Allergic rhinitis, cough Histamine receptors Tablet (25 mg)
Liquid (12.5 mg/5 mL)		 Oral Drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness White powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 9.2 Aromatic amine, ether
Cetirizine (R)-[2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)phenyl]methyl]-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl]acetic acid Antihistamine
Subclass: H1 antagonist		 Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria Histamine receptors Tablet (10 mg)
Liquid (5 mg/5 mL)		 Oral Drowsiness, dry mouth, fatigue White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 4.5 Aromatic amine
Fexofenadine (±)-4-[1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxypropyl)ethyl]-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-yl]propanoic acid Antihistamine
Subclass: H1 antagonist		 Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria Histamine receptors Tablet (60 mg, 180 mg)
Liquid (30 mg/5 mL)		 Oral Headache, nausea, dizziness White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 4.4 Aromatic amine
Montelukast 2-[1-[[(2S)-2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)ethenyl]thio]phenyl]thio]ethyl]phenyl]propanoic acid Leukotriene receptor antagonist
Subclass: Antileukotriene		 Asthma, allergic rhinitis Cysteinyl leukotriene receptors Tablet (10 mg)
Chewable tablet (4 mg, 5 mg)		 Oral Headache, abdominal pain, cough White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 5.9 Carboxylate, quinoline
Roflumilast N-(3-(1-benzimidazol-2-yl)-1-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-methylpropan-2-yl)thiazole-4-carboxamide Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor
Subclass: Anti-inflammatory		 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) -- Tablet (500 mcg) Oral Diarrhea, nausea, weight loss White to pale yellow powder Practically insoluble in water pKa = 6.4 Thiazole, amide
Aztreonam Monobactam Antibiotic
Subclass: Monobactam		 Respiratory infections -- Inhalation solution (75 mg) Inhalation Nausea, vomiting, allergic reactions White powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 2.0 --
Dexamethasone (11beta)-11,17-dihydroxy-16alpha-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione Corticosteroid
Subclass: Systemic corticosteroid		 Allergic reactions, inflammation Glucocorticoid receptors Tablet (0.5 mg, 1 mg)
Injection (4 mg/mL)		 Oral, Injection Increased appetite, insomnia, mood changes White powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 11.5 Phenolic hydroxyl
Mepolizumab -- Monoclonal antibody
Subclass: IL-5 antagonist		 Severe asthma -- Injection (100 mg/mL) Subcutaneous Injection site reactions, headache, back pain -- -- -- --
Benralizumab -- Monoclonal antibody
Subclass: IL-5 antagonist		 Severe asthma -- Injection (30 mg/mL) Subcutaneous Injection site reactions, headache, fever -- -- -- --
Dupilumab -- Monoclonal antibody
Subclass: IL-4 antagonist		 Moderate to severe asthma -- Injection (300 mg/mL) Subcutaneous Injection site reactions, headache, fatigue -- -- -- --
Reslizumab -- Monoclonal antibody
Subclass: IL-5 antagonist		 Severe asthma -- Injection (100 mg/mL) Intravenous Injection site reactions, headache, anaphylaxis -- -- -- --

References

  1. Tripathi, K. D. (2013). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 7th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
  2. Brunton, L. L., Hilal-Dandan, R., & Knollmann, B. C. (2017). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  3. DrugBank Online. (2021). Drug & Drug Target Database. [online] Available at: https://go.drugbank.com/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2024].
  4. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. [online] Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2024].
  5. Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.