Excretory System Drugs
Drug Name IUPAC Name Classification (KD Tripathi) Drug Application Receptors Dosage Form Route of Administration Adverse Reactions Appearance Solubility pKa Value Functional Groups
Furosemide 4-chloro-N-(2-furanyl-methyl)-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid Diuretic
Subclass: Loop diuretic		 Edema, hypertension Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter in the ascending loop of Henle Tablet (20 mg, 40 mg, 80 mg)
Injection (10 mg/mL)		 Oral, Intravenous Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hypotension White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 3.9 Sulfonamide, carboxyl
Hydrochlorothiazide 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide Diuretic
Subclass: Thiazide diuretic		 Hypertension, edema Na+/Cl- cotransporter in the distal convoluted tubule Tablet (12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg) Oral Electrolyte imbalance, dizziness, headache White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 6.7 Thiazide, sulfonamide
Spironolactone 17-hydroxy-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid lactone Diuretic
Subclass: Potassium-sparing diuretic		 Edema, hypertension Mineralocorticoid receptor Tablet (25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg) Oral Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 9.0 Steroid, lactone
Acetazolamide 5-sulfonyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole Diuretic
Subclass: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor		 Glaucoma, altitude sickness, edema Carbonic anhydrase enzyme Tablet (250 mg, 500 mg)
Injection (500 mg/mL)		 Oral, Intravenous Metabolic acidosis, rash, gastrointestinal disturbances White crystalline powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 7.8 Thiadiazole, sulfonamide
Manitol 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexane Osmotic Diuretic
Subclass: Osmotic diuretic		 Intracranial pressure reduction, acute kidney injury Not specific; works by increasing osmotic pressure Injection (10%, 20% solutions) Intravenous Electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, nausea White crystalline powder Freely soluble in water pKa not applicable Alcohol, hydroxyl
Amiloride 2,4-diamino-6-methylpyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid Diuretic
Subclass: Potassium-sparing diuretic		 Hypertension, edema Epithelium sodium channels Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg) Oral Hyperkalemia, gastrointestinal disturbances White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 9.2 Pyrimidine, amine
Torasemide 3-[(3-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]-4-phenyl-2(3H)-pyridazinone Diuretic
Subclass: Loop diuretic		 Edema, hypertension Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg) Oral Dehydration, hypotension, dizziness White to off-white powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 4.3 Pyridazine, sulfonamide
Chlorthalidone 2-chloro-5-(1-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)benzenesulfonamide Diuretic
Subclass: Thiazide-like diuretic		 Hypertension, edema Na+/Cl- cotransporter Tablet (25 mg, 50 mg) Oral Electrolyte imbalance, dizziness White crystalline powder Soluble in water pKa = 6.4 Thiazide, sulfonamide
Quinapril (2S,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-[[[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]carbonyl]amino]-(1S)-3-methylbutyl]-(1S)-2-[(1S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino]-4-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid Antihypertensive
Subclass: ACE inhibitor		 Hypertension, heart failure Angiotensin-converting enzyme Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg) Oral Cough, dizziness White to off-white powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 4.0 Carboxylic acid, amine
Benazepril 2-[[[2-(1-ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]carbonyl]amino]-(1S)-3-methylbutyl]-(1S)-2-[(1S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenylpropyl]amino]-4-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid Antihypertensive
Subclass: ACE inhibitor		 Hypertension, heart failure Angiotensin-converting enzyme Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg) Oral Cough, hyperkalemia White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 4.0 Carboxylic acid, amine
Lisinopril (S)-1-(Ethoxycarbonyl)-L-proline Antihypertensive
Subclass: ACE inhibitor		 Hypertension, heart failure Angiotensin-converting enzyme Tablet (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg) Oral Dizziness, headache White crystalline powder Soluble in water pKa = 4.3 Carboxylic acid, amine
Ethacrynic Acid (E)-3-(2-methylphenyl)-2-[(2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]quinolin-1-yl)carbonyl]propanoic acid Diuretic
Subclass: Loop diuretic		 Edema, hypertension Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter Tablet (25 mg) Oral Nausea, vomiting White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 3.0 Carboxylic acid
Probenecid 4-(dipropylsulfamoyl)benzoic acid Uricosuric
Subclass: Uricosuric agent		 Gout Renal tubules Tablet (500 mg) Oral Headache, nausea White crystalline powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 4.5 Carboxylic acid, sulfonamide
Sodium Bicarbonate Sodium hydrogen carbonate Alkalinizing agent
Subclass: Antacid		 Metabolic acidosis, urinary alkalinization Not specific Tablet (325 mg) Oral Flatulence, abdominal discomfort White crystalline powder Soluble in water pKa = 6.3 Salt, bicarbonate
Potassium Chloride Potassium chloride Electrolyte supplement
Subclass: Electrolyte		 Hypokalemia Not specific Tablet (10 mEq) Oral Nausea, diarrhea White crystalline powder Soluble in water Not applicable Salt, chloride
Fenoldopam (R)-1-(2-((1-(2-((1-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)amino)carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)thio)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Vasodilator
Subclass: Dopamine agonist		 Hypertensive emergencies Dopamine receptors Injection (0.1 mg/mL) Intravenous Hypotension, tachycardia Colorless to pale yellow solution Freely soluble in water pKa = 7.0 Indole, amine
Vasopressin 1-deamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin Hormone
Subclass: Antidiuretic hormone		 Diabetes insipidus Vasopressin receptors Injection (20 units/mL) Intravenous, subcutaneous Water retention, headache Clear colorless solution Soluble in water pKa not applicable Peptide
Desmopressin 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin Hormone
Subclass: Antidiuretic hormone		 Diabetes insipidus Vasopressin receptors Tablet (0.1 mg, 0.2 mg) Oral, intranasal Headache, nausea White powder Freely soluble in water pKa not applicable Peptide
Fexofenadine 2-[4-[(2-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyl]piperidin-1-yl)methyl]phenyl]propyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid Antihistamine
Subclass: H1 antagonist		 Allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria Histamine H1 receptor Tablet (30 mg, 60 mg, 180 mg) Oral Headache, dizziness White crystalline powder Slightly soluble in water pKa = 5.4 Carboxylic acid, amine
Thiazide 2-(2-methyl-3-sulfamoylphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide Diuretic
Subclass: Thiazide diuretic		 Hypertension, edema Na+/Cl- cotransporter Tablet (12.5 mg, 25 mg) Oral Electrolyte imbalance, dizziness White crystalline powder Freely soluble in water pKa = 6.7 Thiazide, sulfonamide
Metolazone 2-[(2-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-5-yl)methylthio]-4-(2-methyl-4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonyl)-3-sulfamoyl-1,2-benzothiazole Diuretic
Subclass: Thiazide-like diuretic		 Hypertension, edema Na+/Cl- cotransporter Tablet (2.5 mg, 5 mg) Oral Electrolyte imbalance, dizziness White crystalline powder Soluble in water pKa = 7.3 Thiazide, sulfonamide

References

  1. Tripathi, K. D. (2013). Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 7th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
  2. Brunton, L. L., Hilal-Dandan, R., & Knollmann, B. C. (2017). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 13th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
  3. DrugBank Online. (2021). Drug & Drug Target Database. [online] Available at: https://go.drugbank.com/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2024].
  4. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. [online] Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ [Accessed 10 Sep. 2024].
  5. Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl's Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific Basis and Practical Applications. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.