PharmaSaathi

Inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes.

Examples:

• Fluconazole: Commonly used for candidiasis and cryptococcal infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Itraconazole: Effective for a range of fungal infections including histoplasmosis. (Resistance: Rare)
• Voriconazole: Broad-spectrum antifungal, used for serious fungal infections. (Resistance: Emerging)
• Posaconazole: Used for invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. (Resistance: Rare)
• Ketoconazole: Used for superficial fungal infections, less common now. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Clotrimazole: Topical treatment for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Miconazole: Used topically for skin and vaginal infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Econazole: Effective for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Sertaconazole: Topical antifungal for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Isavuconazole: Used for invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. (Resistance: Emerging)

Inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the fungal cell wall.

Examples:

• Caspofungin: Used for invasive candidiasis and aspergillosis. (Resistance: Rare)
• Micafungin: Effective for esophageal candidiasis. (Resistance: Rare)
• Anidulafungin: Used for candidemia and invasive candidiasis. (Resistance: Rare)
• Echinocandins combination therapy: Sometimes used in resistant cases. (Resistance: Low)
• Caspofungin + Fluconazole: Used for resistant Candida infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Micafungin + Amphotericin B: Used for severe infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Anidulafungin + Voriconazole: For difficult fungal infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Echinocandin-based regimens: Tailored for individual patient needs. (Resistance: Low)
• Combination antifungal therapy: Explored in clinical trials. (Resistance: Low)
• Caspofungin for candidemia: First-line treatment option. (Resistance: Rare)

Allylamines inhibit squalene epoxidase, disrupting ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes.

Examples:

• Terbinafine: Used for dermatophyte infections like athlete's foot. (Resistance: Rare)
• Naftifine: Effective for superficial fungal infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Butenafine: Used topically for tinea infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Allylamine combination therapy: Explored for enhanced efficacy. (Resistance: Low)
• Terbinafine + Griseofulvin: Used for resistant dermatophyte infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Naftifine + Clotrimazole: Combination for tinea. (Resistance: Low)
• Terbinafine oral therapy: For nail fungus. (Resistance: Rare)
• Terbinafine topical therapy: Effective for skin infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Butenafine + Betamethasone: Used for inflammatory fungal infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Naftifine for tinea corporis: Common treatment choice. (Resistance: Rare)

Pyrimidine analogues interfere with fungal DNA and RNA synthesis.

Examples:

• Flucytosine: Used for cryptococcal meningitis in combination with amphotericin B. (Resistance: Rare)
• Flucytosine + Amphotericin B: Synergistic effect for serious infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine for candidiasis: Effective in severe cases. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine oral therapy: Used for systemic infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine + Voriconazole: Combination for complex fungal infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine for combination therapy: Studied for resistant strains. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine for cryptococcal treatment: First-line option. (Resistance: Rare)
• Flucytosine + Rifampicin: Explored in clinical settings. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine for urinary tract infections: Used in some cases. (Resistance: Low)
• Flucytosine monitoring: Essential to prevent resistance. (Resistance: Rare)

Includes agents that do not fit into the primary classes but are important for specific infections.

Examples:

• Griseofulvin: Used for dermatophyte infections of skin, hair, and nails. (Resistance: Low)
• Ciclopirox: Topical treatment for dermatophyte and yeast infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Bifonazole: Used for skin infections, effective against fungi and bacteria. (Resistance: Low)
• Sertaconazole: Topical treatment for tinea and other fungal skin infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Amorolfine: Effective for nail fungus and skin infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Tavaborole: Topical treatment for onychomycosis (nail fungus). (Resistance: Low)
• Isavuconazole: Newer broad-spectrum antifungal for invasive fungal infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Ravuconazole: Investigational antifungal for serious infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Ketoconazole: Older azole used for topical and systemic infections, now limited use. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Clotrimazole: Widely used for various superficial fungal infections. (Resistance: Low)

Bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, causing cell death.

Examples:

• Amphotericin B: Used for severe systemic fungal infections. (Resistance: Rare, but possible)
• Nystatin: Used topically for candidiasis. (Resistance: Rare)
• Liposomal Amphotericin B: Less toxic formulation for severe infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Amphotericin B lipid complex: Another less toxic option for severe infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Amphotericin B deoxycholate: Traditional formulation, more toxic. (Resistance: Rare)
• Nystatin oral suspension: Used for oral thrush. (Resistance: Rare)
• Nystatin powder: Topical use for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Amphotericin B for cryptococcal meningitis: Effective treatment option. (Resistance: Rare)
• Nystatin for cutaneous candidiasis: Topical treatment option. (Resistance: Rare)
• Amphotericin B for histoplasmosis: Treatment in severe cases. (Resistance: Rare)