PharmaSaathi

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams.

Examples:

• Amoxicillin: Commonly used for respiratory and ear infections. (Resistance: Occasional due to overuse)
• Ceftriaxone: Broad-spectrum antibiotic for serious infections. (Resistance: Increasing resistance reported)
• Penicillin G: Effective for syphilis and other infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Ceftazidime: Effective against Pseudomonas infections. (Resistance: Some resistance reported)
• Imipenem: Broad-spectrum for severe infections. (Resistance: Rare but can occur)
• Meropenem: Used for complex infections. (Resistance: Emerging concerns)
• Ampicillin: Commonly used for infections like meningitis. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Piperacillin: Effective for a range of infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Cefazolin: Used for surgical prophylaxis. (Resistance: Generally low)
• Cefepime: Broad-spectrum for serious infections. (Resistance: Moderate concerns)

Bind to bacterial ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis. Effective against many gram-negative bacteria.

Examples:

• Gentamicin: Used for severe infections. (Resistance: Rare, but can occur)
• Tobramycin: Effective against cystic fibrosis-related infections. (Resistance: Emerging resistance issues)
• Amikacin: Used for multi-drug resistant infections. (Resistance: Some resistance noted)
• Neomycin: Topical antibiotic for skin infections. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Streptomycin: Used for tuberculosis and other infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Paromomycin: Used for intestinal infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Bacitracin: Primarily topical for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Spectinomycin: Used for gonorrhea. (Resistance: Rare)
• Tobramycin inhalation: For lung infections in cystic fibrosis. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Garamycin: Brand name for gentamicin. (Resistance: Similar to gentamicin)

Broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Useful for various bacterial infections.

Examples:

• Doxycycline: Commonly used for acne and respiratory infections. (Resistance: Increasing due to overprescription)
• Minocycline: Effective for skin and respiratory infections. (Resistance: Moderate resistance observed)
• Tetracycline: Used for various infections. (Resistance: Common)
• Oxytetracycline: Mainly used in veterinary medicine. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Chlortetracycline: Used in some food-producing animals. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Demeclocycline: Often used for treating SIADH. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Lymecycline: Used for acne treatment. (Resistance: Low)
• Methacycline: Effective for respiratory infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Rolitetracycline: Used for resistant infections. (Resistance: Emerging)
• Eravacycline: Used for complicated infections. (Resistance: Emerging)

Inhibit protein synthesis and are effective against a variety of infections.

Examples:

• Azithromycin: Used for respiratory and skin infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Clarithromycin: Effective for respiratory infections and ulcers. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Erythromycin: Often used for penicillin-allergic patients. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Fidaxomicin: Used for C. difficile infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Roxithromycin: Used for respiratory tract infections. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Telithromycin: Used for pneumonia. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Spiramycin: Effective against some parasitic infections. (Resistance: Low)
• Azithromycin extended-release: For respiratory infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Desloratadine: Used for allergies; not a traditional macrolide but similar in action. (Resistance: Low)
• Midecamycin: Used for respiratory infections. (Resistance: Rare)

Inhibit bacterial DNA replication. Broad-spectrum activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Examples:

• Ciprofloxacin: Effective for urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections. (Resistance: Significant concerns with resistance)
• Levofloxacin: Used for respiratory and urinary tract infections. (Resistance: Increasing rates of resistance reported)
• Moxifloxacin: Used for respiratory infections. (Resistance: Emerging concerns)
• Ofloxacin: Effective for urinary and respiratory tract infections. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Norfloxacin: Primarily used for urinary tract infections. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Gemifloxacin: Used for community-acquired pneumonia. (Resistance: Moderate)
• Enoxacin: Used for urinary tract infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Trovafloxacin: Broad-spectrum but rarely used. (Resistance: High concerns)
• Nadifloxacin: Used for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Lomefloxacin: Effective for urinary tract infections. (Resistance: Moderate)

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and are primarily effective against gram-positive bacteria.

Examples:

• Vancomycin: Used for severe gram-positive infections, including MRSA. (Resistance: Increasing resistance noted)
• Teicoplanin: Used for similar indications as vancomycin. (Resistance: Rare)
• Dalbavancin: Long-acting glycopeptide used for skin infections. (Resistance: Rare)
• Oritavancin: Effective for skin and soft tissue infections. (Resistance: Rare)

Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Effective against anaerobic bacteria and some gram-positive cocci.

Examples:

• Clindamycin: Used for anaerobic infections and skin infections. (Resistance: Increasing)
• Lincomycin: Used for serious infections when other antibiotics are ineffective. (Resistance: Rare)

Inhibit bacterial RNA synthesis. Effective against mycobacterial infections.

Examples:

• Rifampin: Used primarily for tuberculosis and some staphylococcal infections. (Resistance: Common in untreated TB cases)
• Rifabutin: Used for preventing Mycobacterium avium complex in HIV patients. (Resistance: Rare)

Inhibit protein synthesis and are effective against multi-drug resistant gram-positive bacteria.

Examples:

• Linezolid: Used for infections caused by MRSA and VRE. (Resistance: Rare, but emerging)
• Tedizolid: Similar uses as linezolid but with a more favorable dosing schedule. (Resistance: Rare)